Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal …
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against theories of social Darwinism that emphasize competition and survival of the fittest, and against the romantic depictions by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who thought that cooperation was motivated by universal love. Instead Kropotkin argues that mutual aid has pragmatic advantages for the survival of human and animal communities and, along with the conscience, has been promoted through natural selection.
Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism. It presents a scientific basis for communism as an alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Kropotkin considers the importance of mutual aid for prosperity and survival in the animal kingdom, in indigenous and early European societies, in the Medieval free cities (especially through the guilds), and in the late 19th century village, labor movement, and poor folk. He criticizes the State for destroying historically important mutual aid institutions, particularly through the imposition of private property.
Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.
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Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt.
Paperback, 333 pages
German language
Published Sept. 29, 1999 by Trotzdem Verlag.
- ISBN:
- 978-3-900434-27-4Copied ISBN!
- OCLC Number:
- 742552459
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
Paperback, 333 pages
German language
Published 1989 by Trotzdem Verlag, Verlag Monte Verita.
- ISBN:
- 978-3-922209-32-4Copied ISBN!
- OCLC Number:
- 75141377
Mutual Aid
Paperback, 212 pages
English language
Published June 30, 2004 by Kessinger Publishing.
- ISBN:
- 978-1-4191-3592-7Copied ISBN!
- OCLC Number:
- 62711179
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
Paperback, 253 pages
German language
Published Feb. 3, 2011 by Trotzdem Verlag, Alibri Verlag.
- ISBN:
- 978-3-931786-51-9Copied ISBN!
- OCLC Number:
- 845457343
El Apoyo Mutuo
Paperback, 168 pages
Published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
- ISBN:
- 978-1-5305-5694-6Copied ISBN!
Mutual Aid
Paperback, 192 pages
Published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
- ISBN:
- 978-1-4973-3373-4Copied ISBN!
El suport mutu
Paperback, 384 pages
Published by Virus Editorial.
- ISBN:
- 978-84-17870-07-2Copied ISBN!
Mutual Aid
Paperback, 234 pages
Published by BiblioLife, BiblioBazaar.
- ISBN:
- 978-1-4264-1459-6Copied ISBN!
Mutual aid
English language
Published 2006 by Dover Publications.
- ISBN:
- 978-0-486-44913-5Copied ISBN!
- OCLC Number:
- 62282705
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
German language
Published 2018 by Creative Media Partners, LLC.
- ISBN:
- 978-0-343-82984-1Copied ISBN!
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
294 pages
German language
Published 1910 by T. Thomas.
- OCLC Number:
- 136888118
Mutual Aid
Paperback, 272 pages
Published by Penguin Books Ltd.
- ISBN:
- 978-0-14-044567-1Copied ISBN!
Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt
Paperback, 300 pages
Published by Henricus Edition Deutsche Klassik.
- ISBN:
- 978-3-8478-2185-4Copied ISBN!
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